Applied Geology involves a more specific interest in the application of earth science for the benefit of human civilisation and includes, for example, surveying metallic ore deposits, fossil fuels and groundwater resources, and applying geological knowledge in a range of engineering and environmental contexts. A Doctor of Philosophy Degree requires three years full-time study and completion of a written thesis. The thesis is reviewed by members of the Australian and international scientific academic community. In the course of their research, PhD students must make a distinct contribution to the knowledge within their specific discipline. Ideally, this will result in the publication of original research findings in peer-reviewed journals of international standing. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES Many geologists find employment in mineral and energy exploration and related fields, while others are employed in the construction of dams or tunnels. Others explore for underground water or monitor and study coastal processes and their impact. Geoscientists are employed in identifying natural hazards, such as landslides and earthquake risk, and in a variety of environmental studies. Geoscientists can be found in merchant banking, stock broking and investment analysis, in computer systems management and in numerous branches of state and federal governments. Working as a geoscientist is an interesting, varied and financially rewarding career choice that suits the ideals and aspirations of both young men and women in many different ways. Alternatively, graduates may continue to study their chosen specialty as postgraduates which can lead to fulfilling careers in research.